Example - wor

  1 module test_wor();

  2

  3 wor a;

  4 reg b, c;

  5

  6 assign a =  b;

  7 assign a =  c;

  8

  9 initial begin

 10   $monitor("%g a = %b b = %b c = %b", $time, a, b, c);

 11    #1  b  = 0;

 12    #1  c  = 0;

 13    #1  b = 1;

 14    #1  b = 0;

 15    #1  c = 1;

 16    #1  b = 1;

 17    #1  b = 0;

 18    #1  $finish;

 19 end

 20

 21 endmodule
Simulator Output

 0 a = x b = x c = x

 1 a = x b = 0 c = x

 2 a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

 3 a = 1 b = 1 c = 0

 4 a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

 5 a = 1 b = 0 c = 1

 6 a = 1 b = 1 c = 1

 7 a = 1 b = 0 c = 1

Example – wand

  1 module test_wand();

  2

  3 wand a;

  4 reg b, c;

  5

  6 assign a =  b;

  7 assign a =  c;

  8

  9 initial begin

 10   $monitor("%g a = %b b = %b c = %b", $time, a, b, c);

 11    #1  b  = 0;

 12    #1  c  = 0;

 13    #1  b = 1;

 14    #1  b = 0;

 15    #1  c = 1;

 16    #1  b = 1;

 17    #1  b = 0;

 18    #1  $finish;

 19 end

 20

 21 endmodule

Simulator Output

0 a = x b = x c = x

 1 a = 0 b = 0 c = x

 2 a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

 3 a = 0 b = 1 c = 0

 4 a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

 5 a = 0 b = 0 c = 1

 6 a = 1 b = 1 c = 1

 7 a = 0 b = 0 c = 1
 Example - tri

  1 module test_tri();

  2

  3 tri a;

  4 reg b, c;

  5

  6 assign a = (b) ? c : 1'bz;

  7

  8 initial begin

  9   $monitor("%g a = %b b = %b c = %b", $time, a, b, c);

 10   b  = 0;

 11   c  = 0;

 12    #1  b = 1;

 13    #1  b = 0;

 14    #1  c = 1;

 15    #1  b = 1;

 16    #1  b = 0;

 17    #1  $finish;

 18 end

 19

 20 endmodule

Simulator Output

0 a = z b = 0 c = 0  1 a = 0 b = 1 c = 0  2 a = z b = 0 c = 0  3 a = z b = 0 c = 1  4 a = 1 b = 1 c = 1  5 a = z b = 0 c = 1

Example – trireg

  1 module test_trireg();

  2

  3 trireg a;

  4 reg b, c;

  5

  6 assign a = (b) ? c : 1'bz;

  7

  8 initial begin

  9   $monitor("%g a = %b b = %b c = %b", $time, a, b, c);

 10   b  = 0;

 11   c  = 0;

 12    #1  b = 1;

 13    #1  b = 0;

 14    #1  c = 1;

 15    #1  b = 1;

 16    #1  b = 0;

 17    #1  $finish;

 18 end

 19

 20 endmodule

Simulator Output

 0 a = x b = 0 c = 0

 1 a = 0 b = 1 c = 0

 2 a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

 3 a = 0 b = 0 c = 1

 4 a = 1 b = 1 c = 1

 5 a = 1 b = 0 c = 1

Register Data Types

• Registers store the last value assigned to them until another assignment statement changes their value.
• Registers represent data storage constructs.
• You can create regs arrays called memories.
• register data types are used as variables in procedural blocks.
• A register data type is required if a signal is assigned a value within a procedural block
• Procedural blocks begin with keyword initial and always.

Data Types Functionality reg Unsigned variable integer Signed variable - 32 bits time Unsigned integer - 64 bits real Double precision floating point variable

Note : Of all register types, reg is the one which is most widely used

Strings

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed by double quotes and all contained on a single line. Strings used as operands in expressions and assignments are treated as a sequence of eight-bit ASCII values, with one eight-bit ASCII value representing one character. To declare a variable to store a string, declare a register large enough to hold the maximum number of characters the variable will hold. Note that no extra bits are required to hold a termination character; Verilog does not store a string termination character. Strings can be manipulated using the standard operators.

When a variable is larger than required to hold a value being assigned, Verilog pads the contents on the left with zeros after the assignment. This is consistent with the padding that occurs during assignment of non-string values.
Certain characters can be used in strings only when preceded by an introductory character called an escape character. The following table lists these characters in the right-hand column together with the escape sequence that represents the character in the left-hand column.
Special Characters in Strings
Character	Description	.
\n	New line character	.
\t	Tab character	.
\\	Backslash (\) character	.
\"	Double quote (") character	.
\ddd	A character specified in 1-3 octal digits (0 <= d <= 7)	.
%%	Percent (%) character	.

Example

  1 //-----------------------------------------------------

  2 // Design Name : strings

  3 // File Name   : strings.v

  4 // Function    : This program shows how string

  5 //               can be stored in reg

  6 // Coder       : Deepak Kumar Tala

  7 //-----------------------------------------------------

  8 module strings();

  9 // Declare a register variable that is 21 bytes

 10 reg [8*21:0] string ;

 11

 12 initial begin

 13   string = "This is sample string";

 14   $display ("%s \n", string);

 15 end

 16

 17 endmodule

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